Advertising on TV: Under - or Overprovision?

We consider a model where TV channels transmit advertising, and viewers dislike such commercials. We find that the less differentiated the TV channels’ programs are, the lower is the amount of advertising in equilibrium. Relative to the social optimum, there is underprovision of advertising if TV channels are sufficiently close substitutes. A dampening-of-competition merger between TV channels may improve welfare and lead to more advertising. But even after a merger there can be underprovision of advertising. A publicly owned TV channel can partly correct market distortions, in some cases by having a larger amount of advertising that a private TV channel. It may actually have advertising even in cases where it is wasteful per se.